Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

5.7K
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
5.7K
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving01:20

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving

3.0K
Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
This distribution function f(v) is defined by saying that the expected number N (v1,v2) of particles with speeds between v1 and v2 is given by
3.0K
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

3.9K
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
3.9K
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

3.0K
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
3.0K
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

1.4K
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sci-Sat AM: Brachy - 02: Extracting W<sub>air</sub> from the 1976 electron beam measurements of domen and lamperti.

Medical physics·2017
Same author

The effect of beam purity and scanner complexity on proton CT accuracy.

Medical physics·2017
Same author

Technical Note: An investigation of polarity effects for wide-angle free-air chambers.

Medical physics·2016
Same author

Search for lepton flavour violation in the <i>eμ</i> continuum with the ATLAS detector in [Formula: see text]<i>pp</i> collisions at the LHC.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2015
Same author

Towards a quantitative, measurement-based estimate of the uncertainty in photon mass attenuation coefficients at radiation therapy energies.

Physics in medicine and biology·2015
Same author

Determination of relative ion chamber calibration coefficients from depth-ionization measurements in clinical electron beams.

Physics in medicine and biology·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS
14:58

Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS

Published on: February 17, 2018

11.4K

Sci-Fri PM: Planning-01: Measured electron and x-ray angular distribution data for benchmarking Monte Carlo codes.

C D Cojocaru1, C K Ross1, M R McEwen1

  • 1National Research Council Canada.

Medical Physics
|May 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and measurements of medical linear accelerator output show good agreement for electron beams. Photon beam studies also indicate promising results, validating MC methods for beam commissioning.

Keywords:
Angular distributionBerylliumElectron scatteringIonization chambersLinear acceleratorsMedical acceleratorsMonte Carlo methodsPhotonsScattering measurements

More Related Videos

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
07:24

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

Published on: May 10, 2021

6.9K
Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS
14:58

Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS

Published on: February 17, 2018

11.4K
Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
07:24

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

Published on: May 10, 2021

6.9K
Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • In-air profiles are crucial for medical linear accelerator beam commissioning.
  • Previous studies using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations showed good agreement with measurements but required adjustable beam parameters.
  • Accurate simulation of medical accelerator output is essential for precise radiation therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate Monte Carlo (MC) simulations against experimental measurements for an electron accelerator with known initial beam parameters.
  • To investigate the accuracy of EGSnrc MC calculations for electron scatter distributions and in-air photon beam profiles.
  • To assess the sensitivity of photon beam profiles to variations in target material and geometry.

Main Methods:

  • Performed experimental measurements of electron scatter distributions using various scattering foils and energies (13, 20 MeV).
  • Conducted MC calculations using EGSnrc for electron beams and compared results with experimental data.
  • Obtained in-air photon beam profiles using different targets and ion chambers; investigated geometric sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • EGSnrc MC calculations for electron beams generally agreed with measurements within 1.5%.
  • Preliminary results for photon beams show agreement between measured and calculated distributions to better than 5%.
  • The study explored the impact of target materials and geometric variations on photon beam profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Monte Carlo simulations, particularly EGSnrc, provide accurate predictions for medical linear accelerator output, especially for electron beams.
  • The findings support the use of MC methods for reliable beam commissioning in radiation therapy.
  • Further investigation into photon beam characteristics using MC simulations is warranted.