Cofilin - a protein controlling dynamics of actin filaments

Cofilins are evolutionary conserved proteins present in all Eukaryotic cells. Their primary function is dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. Two cofilin isoforms are known: cofilin 1, present in all studied non-muscle cells and in embryonic muscle cells, and cofilin 2, which dominates in mature skeletal and cardiac muscles. Polypeptide chains of both isoforms fold into a structure homological to a conservative ADF (actin depolymerizing factor) domain, which is characteristic of actin depolymerizing factor. In cofilin molecule two actin-binding sites were found. One site binds monomeric and filamentous actin, the second one interacts only with the filament. Binding of cofilin to actin filament causes a change in the orientation of subunits, which results in filament severing. This increases number of ends which can either elongate or shorten the filament, depending on the conditions. Cofilin interactions with monomeric actin decreases availability of polymerization-competent actin subunits. Cofilin activity is controlled by phosphorylation, binding membrane phospholipids, local pH and oxidative stress. Under conditions of oxidative stress oxidation of cysteine residues leads to formation of dimers, which are able to cross-link actin filaments. Stable actin-cofilin rods save cellular ATP, which is not used during active polymerization process. This facilitates faster cell recovery from the stress. The final cellular reaction on the environmental stimuli is a resultant of cofilin activity and activities of other actin-binding proteins, which function either synergistically or antagonistically. Due to the central role in the regulation of actin filaments dynamics, cofilin is involved in development of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, congenital myopathies and cardiomyopathies.