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Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain...

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in the form of rings. They have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding acyclic alkane; therefore, their general formula is CnH2n. The structural formulas of cycloalkanes are simplified using the line-angle representation. The regular polygons are used to represent the cycloalkane rings, with each side representing a carbon-carbon bond.
The IUPAC nomenclature of cycloalkanes follows similar rules that apply to...

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
In cyclohexane, the substituents can occupy different positions generating distinct isomers....

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application

Published on: March 8, 2019

Cyclic Polysiloxanes with Linked Cyclotetrasiloxane Subunits.

Jianyi Yu¹, Yuzhou Liu¹

¹School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|May 18, 2017

Summary

Researchers developed a new one-step method for synthesizing novel cyclic polysiloxanes using the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. These unique cyclic polymers with constrained rings show potential for new applications, including nanoparticle assembly.

Keywords:

cyclization nanoparticles polycycles polymerization siloxanes

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Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application

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Published on: February 6, 2016

Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Macromolecular Science
Materials Science

Background:

Cyclic polymers are a significant class of macromolecules.
Current methods offer limited structural diversity in cyclic polymer backbones.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a novel one-step synthesis of cyclic polysiloxanes.
To introduce new structural features into cyclic polymer backbones.
To explore potential applications of these novel cyclic polymers.

Main Methods:

Employed the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction for synthesis.
Utilized tris(dimethylsiloxy)silane and trialkoxysilane compounds.
B(C₆ F₅ )₃ was used as a catalyst for the coupling reaction.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized cyclic polysiloxanes with novel structural features in one step.
Generated cyclic polysiloxanes containing cyclotetrasiloxane subunits.
Demonstrated the utility of thiolated cyclic polymers in directing the circular assembly of gold nanoparticles.

Conclusions:

The Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction enables the synthesis of unprecedented cyclic polysiloxanes with constrained rings.
These novel cyclic polymers offer new avenues for materials design and applications.
The findings open up opportunities in areas such as nanoparticle assembly and advanced materials.