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Occurrence of brominated dioxins in a study using various firefighting methods.

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Firefighting methods impact pollutant formation. Faster cooling below 300°C, especially with cutting extinguishers and foam, reduced brominated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs).

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Fire Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Firefighting methods can influence the generation of harmful pollutants.
  • Accidental fires produce various toxic compounds, including brominated and chlorinated dioxins and furans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) in gas and soot.
  • To compare PBDD/F occurrence under different firefighting methods in an apartment fire scenario.

Main Methods:

  • Five fire scenarios simulating an apartment fire were conducted using identical combustible materials.
  • Gas and soot samples were collected during fire development and extinguishing phases.
  • Firefighting methods included nozzle, compressed air foam system, cutting extinguisher, and an extinguishing additive.

Main Results:

  • Different firefighting methods and additives altered PBDD/F concentrations and congener profiles.
  • ∑PBDD/F concentrations ranged from 4020-18,700 pg/m³ in gas and 76-4092 pg/m² in soot.
  • Brominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) were predominant, with 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF being the most abundant congener.
  • PBDD/Fs accounted for 97% of the total toxic equivalents (PCDD/Fs + PBDD/Fs).

Conclusions:

  • Shorter durations of high temperatures (around 300°C) during extinguishing correlated with lower PBDD/F occurrence.
  • Cutting extinguishers with additives and compressed air foam systems demonstrated the most effective rapid temperature decrease.
  • Firefighting strategies significantly influence the formation of toxic PBDD/Fs.