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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

1.0K
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
59.0K
Encoding01:19

Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
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Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

428
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory
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Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

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Sustained Activity Encoding Working Memories: Not Fully Distributed.

Matthew L Leavitt1, Diego Mendoza-Halliday2, Julio C Martinez-Trujillo3

  • 1Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.

Trends in Neurosciences
|May 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Working memory involves temporarily holding and manipulating information. Evidence suggests sustained neural firing in association cortices, not early sensory areas, supports this cognitive function.

Keywords:
fMRIneurophysiologyprimatereviewsustained activityworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) allows temporary information retention and manipulation.
  • Recent research suggests sustained neural firing across cortical neurons encodes WM content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for sustained neural activity encoding working memory.
  • To propose a model for the origin of robust WM-related sustained activity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing neuroscientific studies on working memory.
  • Analysis of neural activity patterns in different cortical regions during WM tasks.

Main Results:

  • Neurons in prefrontal, parietal, and inferotemporal association cortices exhibit sustained activity during WM tasks.
  • WM-related sustained activity is rarely reported in early sensory areas and often lacks stimulus specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Robust sustained activity supporting working memory coding originates in association cortices.
  • This activity arises downstream from early sensory processing stages.