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Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the one depicted...
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Norton's theorem is a fundamental concept in the field of electrical engineering that allows for the simplification of complex AC circuits. The theorem states that any two-terminal linear network can be replaced with an equivalent circuit that consists of an impedance, which is parallel with a constant current source. Figure 1 shows the AC circuit portioned into two parts: Circuit A and Circuit B, while Figure 2 depicts the circuit obtained by replacing Circuit A by its Norton equivalent...
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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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SU-E-T-466: TCP and NTCP: Is That All?

B Sánchez-Nieto1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, M R Expósito1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, J A Terrón1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

  • 1Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

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|May 19, 2017
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Summary

Modern radiotherapy techniques can increase cancer risks from neutron contamination. This study developed a tool to estimate treatment success by including neutron secondary cancer probability for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
AnatomyBioinformaticsBiomedical modelingCancerDosimetryIntensity modulated radiation therapyNeutronsPhotonsRadiation therapyReal time information delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiotherapy Physics

Background:

  • Modern radiotherapy techniques like IMRT and VMAT offer improved tumor coverage but raise concerns about secondary cancer risks due to neutron and photon contamination.
  • Balancing treatment benefits against risks of organ damage and secondary cancers is crucial for selecting optimal radiotherapy techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a tool for estimating radiotherapy treatment success by incorporating neutron secondary cancer risk.
  • To assess the impact of neutron peripheral dose on overall treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A novel digital detector (DD) was developed for real-time assessment of neutron equivalent dose distribution in organs.
  • A biological model was created integrating real-time neutron dose data with tumor control (TCP) and normal tissue complication (NTCP) probabilities derived from DVH.
  • The model was applied to evaluate treatment success across various radiotherapy techniques (3DCRT, IMRT, VMAT, Helical Tomotherapy) at different energy levels.

Main Results:

  • High-energy, MU-demanding techniques achieved the highest uncomplicated tumor control rates.
  • Neutron peripheral dose risks are significant and comparable to established normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCPs), necessitating their inclusion in treatment assessment.

Conclusions:

  • The developed methodology for online organ neutron peripheral dose assessment can be effectively integrated with biological models.
  • This integration enables accurate prediction of treatment success, crucially accounting for secondary cancer risks in radiotherapy planning.