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Errors in Global Positioning System

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Distance Measurements by Taping

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Tapes are essential in surveying for accurate, durable, and short-distance measurements. Made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, they offer flexibility and strength for rugged outdoor use. The nylon coating protects against rust and wear, extending the tape's life. Standard lengths, around 30 meters, are marked in meters and millimeters for precision.Surveyors select tapes based on site conditions and accuracy needs. Lightweight, nylon-coated tapes are commonly used for ease of handling and...
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Geoid and Ellipsoid01:28

Geoid and Ellipsoid

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The Earth's shape is best described as an ellipsoid, a slightly flattened sphere created by rotating an ellipse around its minor axis. This flattening results in the polar axis being about 21 kilometers shorter than the equatorial axis. In contrast, the geoid represents the Earth's gravitational shape and aligns with the mean sea level (MSL). The geoid is an irregular equipotential surface where gravity is perpendicular at every point. Variations in Earth's mass distribution cause geoid...
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Field Application of Global Positioning System01:28

Field Application of Global Positioning System

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Root-Locus Method

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A cruise control system in a car is designed to maintain a specified speed automatically by adjusting the gas pedal. The system continuously measures the vehicle's speed and makes fine adjustments to the pedal to achieve this goal. The root locus method is particularly useful for understanding how the cruise control system's behavior changes under varying conditions, such as when the car goes uphill, downhill, or faces strong wind resistance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Evaluating Targeting Accuracy in the Focal Plane for an Ultrasound-guided High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Phased-array System
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SU-E-J-45: Validation of the ExacTrac Virtual Isocenter Based Target Localization Method.

B Zhao1, S Kim1, N Wen1

  • 1Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI.

Medical Physics
|May 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ExacTrac virtual isocenter method accurately localizes targets in phantoms, with couch correction sequences not impacting accuracy. Further patient studies are recommended for this image guidance technique.

Keywords:
Computed tomographyMedical imagingRobotics

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy
  • Image-Guided Therapy

Background:

  • Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) requires precise patient and tumor localization.
  • Stable anatomical landmarks are often unavailable for thoracic targets, necessitating surrogate landmarks.
  • Virtual isocenters offer a potential solution for IGRT when direct landmarks are absent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the target localization accuracy of the ExacTrac virtual isocenter method.
  • To investigate the impact of different couch correction sequences on localization accuracy.
  • To validate the use of virtual isocenters for image guidance in radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • A thoracic phantom with a ball bearing marker was used for CT-based treatment planning.
  • A virtual isocenter was placed on a vertebral body in ExacTrac, simulating translational shifts.
  • Angular setup variations were introduced, and two couch correction sequences were compared: automatic 5D corrections followed by manual rotation, and vice versa.
  • Portal images quantified deviations between the marker and radiation isocenter.

Main Results:

  • The ExacTrac virtual isocenter method demonstrated high localization accuracy in a rigid phantom.
  • Average translational deviations were minimal, with lateral and vertical errors around 0.3mm and 1.0mm, respectively.
  • Longitudinal deviations were 0.8mm (AP image) and 0.1mm (lateral image), with a systematic difference possibly due to gantry sag.

Conclusions:

  • The ExacTrac system effectively corrects angular shifts using the virtual isocenter approach in phantom studies.
  • The sequence of couch correction did not significantly affect localization accuracy.
  • Further clinical studies are necessary to confirm these findings in patient populations.