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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Functionally diverse human T cells recognize non-microbial antigens presented by MR1.

Marco Lepore1, Artem Kalinichenko1, Salvatore Calogero1

  • 1Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Elife
|May 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a new type of T cell, MR1T cells, that recognize self-antigens presented by MR1 molecules. These MR1T cells are a normal part of the human immune system and have diverse functions.

Keywords:
MR1T cellantigen recognitionhumanimmunology

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • T cell biology
  • Antigen presentation

Background:

  • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I-related molecule MR1 presents microbial metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T cells.
  • It was previously unknown if MR1 could present alternative antigens to other T cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether MR1 can present non-microbial antigens to other T cell lineages.
  • To characterize the newly identified MR1-restricted T cells (MR1T cells).

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of MR1-restricted T cells (MR1T cells) in healthy individuals.
  • Analysis of MR1T cell clones for antigen specificity, transcriptional profiles, and effector functions.
  • Phenotypic and functional assessment of MR1T cells upon recognition of MR1-expressing target cells.

Main Results:

  • MR1T cells with diverse T cell receptors (TCRs) were identified, reacting to MR1-expressing cells without microbial ligands.
  • MR1T cell clones recognized distinct cell-derived antigens and exhibited varied transcriptional strategies for metabolism, cell cycle, and functional polarization.
  • MR1T cells displayed heterogeneous chemokine receptor expression and secreted diverse effector molecules, indicating functional plasticity.
  • MR1T cells demonstrated distinct T helper-like capacities upon MR1-dependent recognition of target cells.

Conclusions:

  • MR1 presents endogenous antigens beyond microbial metabolites.
  • MR1T cells represent a normal and functionally diverse component of the human T cell repertoire.
  • This expands the known role of MR1 in T cell activation and immunity.