Factors controlling cadmium and lead activities in different parent material-derived soils from the Pearl River Basin

Labile metals in agricultural soils are available to crops and thus pose a great health risk for human beings. Therefore, factors influencing heavy metal activity are of interest to researchers. In this study, a total of 142 soil samples representing 5 typical parent materials in the Pearl River Basin (PRB), China were collected to investigate factors impacting the distribution of labile Cd and Pb in the soils. The results showed that the labile fractions accounted for 0.03%-14.7% for Cd and 0.01%-0.39% for Pb of the total metals, and the labile fractions were linearly correlated to their corresponding total contents. The step regression analyses suggested that the key factors impacting labile Cd and Pb varied in different parent material soils. Pb activity was highly sensitive to pH in alkaline limestone soils. The quartz sand remained in granite-produced soils enhanced Cd activity. And dissolved organic matter (DOM) compositions considerably influenced Cd and Pb activities in sand shale, diluvium, and alluvium soils. Land use impacts heavy metal activities. The labile Cd and Pb in paddy soils were higher than those in non-paddy soils, although total metals in the soils were comparable. It could be ascribed to the long-term equilibrium of metals between the solution and solid phases of the paddy soils. The results provide a theoretical basis for preliminary prediction of heavy metal activity and provide a technical support for heavy metal activity management and pollution control based on soil parent materials.