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Related Concept Videos

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate02:28

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The Arrhenius equation,
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

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The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
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Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate CDAP
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Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate CDAP

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Polysaccharide depolymerization from TEMPO-catalysis: Effect of TEMPO concentration.

Vivian C Spier1, Maria Rita Sierakowski2, Wayne F Reed3

  • 1BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil; Tulane Center for Polymer Reaction Monitoring and Characterization (PolyRMC), Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|May 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

TEMPO-oxidation of polysaccharides was studied using ACOMP, ACM, and SEC. TEMPO acts as a catalyst and sacrificial molecule, protecting polysaccharides from degradation and enhancing selective oxidation.

Keywords:
Automatic continuous mixing (ACM)Automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP)DepolymerizationN-oxil-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO)Size exclusion chromatography (SEC)Xyloglucan

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High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Polysaccharide modification is crucial for developing new biomaterials.
  • Controlled oxidation is a key strategy for functionalizing polysaccharides.
  • Understanding reaction mechanisms, including degradation pathways, is essential for optimizing these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To monitor polysaccharide TEMPO-oxidation using ACOMP.
  • To evaluate the impact of pH and TEMPO concentration on oxidation products and degradation.
  • To elucidate the role of TEMPO in the oxidation and protection of polysaccharides.

Main Methods:

  • Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization Reactions (ACOMP) for real-time monitoring.
  • Automatic Continuous Mixing (ACM) and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) for product analysis.
  • Systematic variation of pH (5, 7, 9) and TEMPO concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Higher oxidation degrees were observed at pH 9.
  • Polysaccharide degradation occurred under various pH conditions, significantly increasing without TEMPO.
  • Rate constants (k) were dependent on pH and TEMPO concentration, with TEMPO protecting against degradation.
  • The amount of -COOH groups per gram of polysaccharide differed significantly in the presence (0.215 mmol/g) and absence (0.395 mmol/g) of TEMPO at pH 9, indicating non-selective oxidation without TEMPO.

Conclusions:

  • TEMPO acts as a catalyst in polysaccharide oxidation, promoting selective functionalization.
  • TEMPO functions as a sacrificial agent at higher concentrations, protecting polysaccharides from degradation.
  • Reaction conditions (pH, TEMPO concentration) critically influence the rate, selectivity, and degradation of polysaccharide oxidation.