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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
Published on: September 26, 2025
Transdermal Bioavailability in Rats of Lidocaine in the Forms of Ionic Liquids, Salts, and Deep Eutectic
Paula Berton1,2, Kristin R Di Bona1,3, Denise Yancey1
1Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States.
Abstract:
Tuning the bioavailability of lidocaine was explored by its incorporation into the ionic liquid lidocainium docusate ([Lid][Doc]) and the deep eutectic Lidocaine·Ibuprofen (Lid·Ibu) and comparing the transdermal absorption of these with the crystalline salt lidocainium chloride ([Lid]Cl). Each form of lidocaine was dissolved in a vehicle cream and topically applied to Sprague-Dawley rats. The concentrations of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in blood plasma were monitored over time as an indication of systemic absorption. The concentration of lidocaine in plasma varied between applied API-based creams, with faster and higher systemic absorption of the hydrogen bonded deep eutectic Lid·Ibu than the absorption of the salts [Lid]Cl or [Lid][Doc]. Interestingly, a differential transdermal absorption was observed between lidocaine and ibuprofen when Lid·Ibu was applied, possibly indicating different interactions with the tissue components.
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