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The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Single-cell RNA-Seq of Defined Subsets of Retinal Ganglion Cells
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Single-Cell Genomics Unravels Brain Cell-Type Complexity.

Amy Guillaumet-Adkins1, Holger Heyn2

  • 1CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Parc Científic de Barcelona - Torre I, Baldiri Reixac, 4, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Single cell genomics and transcriptomics reveal the brain's complex cellular makeup. These advanced techniques help categorize neurons by molecular signatures, advancing our understanding of the nervous system in health and disease.

Keywords:
Single cell genomicscortexhippocampusmidbrainneurobiologyneurodegenerative diseases and neuro-oncologyoligodendrocytesingle cell transcriptomicssomatosensory nervous system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The brain is the most complex organ, with a vast diversity of cell types that are not fully understood.
  • Neuronal heterogeneity contributes significantly to brain function and dysfunction.
  • Existing methods struggle to fully resolve the intricate cellular landscape of the nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of single-cell neurogenomics.
  • To explore the molecular basis of the mammalian nervous system's cellular architecture.
  • To highlight the application of these technologies in discovering novel cell types and validating known ones in both healthy and diseased states.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell genome profiling.
  • Single-cell transcriptome profiling.
  • Advanced bioinformatic analyses for molecular signature identification.

Main Results:

  • Disentanglement of neuronal heterogeneity through molecular profiling.
  • Categorization of individual neurons into distinct molecular groups.
  • Identification of previously unrecognized cell types within the nervous system.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell neurogenomics is a powerful approach to understanding brain complexity.
  • These technologies are crucial for mapping the cellular architecture of the nervous system.
  • The findings advance our knowledge of neural diversity in both health and disease.