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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

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The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Wide-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Qiuyan Li1, Shuhong Jiao1, Langli Luo2

  • 1Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a wide-temperature electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using optimized ethylene carbonate (EC) content. The new formulation extends the operating range to -40-60 °C, enhancing battery performance in extreme conditions.

Keywords:
cesium cationelectrolytelithium-ion batterylow-temperature dischargewide-temperature performance

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) face limitations in operational temperature range.
  • Extending the service-temperature range requires advanced electrolyte formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop wide-temperature electrolyte formulations for LIBs.
  • To optimize ethylene carbonate (EC) content in a ternary solvent system (EC, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate) with LiPF6 salt and CsPF6 additive.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic investigation of electrolyte properties including ionic conductivity and phase-transition behaviors.
  • Testing LIB performance at temperatures ranging from -40 °C to 60 °C.
  • Utilizing graphite anode and LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathode in coin cells and graphite∥LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 in pouch cells.

Main Results:

  • An optimized electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6 in EC-PC-EMC (1:1:8 wt) with 0.05 M CsPF6) achieved an extended service-temperature range of -40 to 60 °C.
  • High capacity retention (68%) at -40 °C and C/5 rate was observed, significantly outperforming conventional electrolytes (20%).
  • Stable cycle life at room temperature and elevated temperatures up to 60 °C was comparable to conventional electrolytes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed electrolyte formulation enables excellent wide-temperature performance for LIBs.
  • This advancement is crucial for reliable battery operation in diverse environmental conditions.
  • The optimized electrolyte shows significant potential for enhancing the practicality and applicability of LIBs.