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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood
Published on: February 5, 2020
Hallmarks of response to immune checkpoint blockade
Alexandria P Cogdill1, Miles C Andrews1, Jennifer A Wargo1,2
1Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Immune checkpoint blockade has advanced cancer treatment, but not all patients respond. Understanding tumor immunity, host factors, and environmental influences is key to improving response rates and overcoming resistance.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
Background:
- Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) represents a significant advancement in cancer therapy, with approved regimens for multiple cancer types.
- Despite successes, universal response to ICB is not achieved, necessitating research into biomarkers and resistance mechanisms.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline the foundational "pillars and hallmarks" of response to ICB.
- To discuss the relevance of these concepts to immune monitoring and therapeutic resistance.
Main Methods:
- Review and synthesis of current understanding of cancer hallmarks and host immunity in the context of ICB.
- Discussion of tumor-centric, host immunity, and environmental factors influencing ICB response.
Main Results:
- ICB response is influenced by tumor characteristics, host immune status, and environmental factors, extending beyond traditional "hallmarks of cancer."
- A framework integrating these diverse factors is proposed for better understanding ICB response.
Conclusions:
- A comprehensive understanding of ICB response requires considering tumor-centric, host, and environmental influences.
- This framework will guide the development of improved immune monitoring strategies and therapeutic approaches to enhance cancer treatment outcomes.
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