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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
4.9K
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
1.3K
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

7.2K
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
7.2K
Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

1.6K
The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
1.6K

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A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
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The normal menopause transition.

Sonja M McKinlay1, Donald J Brambilla1, Jennifer G Posner1

  • 1New England Research Institute, Watertown, Massachusetts 02172.

American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council
|May 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smoking significantly impacts menopause, leading to an earlier and shorter perimenopause. This study analyzed menopause transitions in mid-aged women, finding smoking is a key factor influencing timing and duration.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology
  • Epidemiology of aging women

Background:

  • The natural menopause transition is a critical period in women's health.
  • Understanding factors influencing menopause timing and symptoms is essential for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze natural menopause transitions in mid-aged women.
  • To identify factors affecting menopause onset and duration.
  • To examine symptoms associated with menopause stages.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study (Massachusetts Women's Health Study) of 2,570 women aged 44-55.
  • Five years of follow-up with six telephone contacts at 9-month intervals.
  • Analysis of a premenopausal subset (n=1,178) at baseline.

Main Results:

  • Median age at natural menopause was 51.3 years.
  • Current smokers experienced menopause 1.8 years earlier than non-smokers.
  • Median age at perimenopause onset was 47.5 years; smokers had earlier and shorter perimenopause (estimated 3.5 years).

Conclusions:

  • Smoking is a significant factor influencing earlier and shorter perimenopause.
  • Menopause symptom reporting varies across transition stages.
  • Findings inform future research on menopause in industrial societies, including implications for hormone replacement therapy.