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Related Concept Videos

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

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Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

5.0K
An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

21.6K
Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

11.8K
In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
11.8K
Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

17.9K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
17.9K

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Facile Anhydrous Proton Transport on Hydroxyl Functionalized Graphane.

Abhishek Bagusetty1,2, Pabitra Choudhury3, Wisssam A Saidi4

  • 1Computational Modeling and Simulation Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.

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|May 20, 2017
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Anhydrous proton conduction occurs in hydroxylated graphane via hydrogen bonds. This novel mechanism, driven by hydroxyl group rotation, differs from water wire proton diffusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Proton conduction is crucial for energy applications like fuel cells.
  • Anhydrous proton conduction remains a significant challenge.
  • Graphane, a 2D material, offers a unique platform for surface functionalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate proton transport mechanisms in hydroxylated graphane under anhydrous conditions.
  • To elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding and surface functionalization in proton conductivity.
  • To compare the observed diffusion with established models for proton transport.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed to model proton diffusion.
  • Analysis of proton mean square displacement (MSD) was performed.
  • Charge analysis was conducted to understand proton delocalization.

Main Results:

  • Hydroxylated graphane exhibits rapid proton conduction through a hydrogen-bonded network.
  • Low diffusion barriers for protons along 1D hydroxyl chains were predicted.
  • Proton diffusion followed Fickian behavior, deviating from single-file mobility.
  • A novel diffusion mechanism controlled by hydroxyl group rotation was identified.
  • Proton charge was found to be delocalized across multiple hydrogen atoms.

Conclusions:

  • Hydroxylated graphane facilitates efficient anhydrous proton conduction.
  • The rotation of hydroxyl groups represents a new pathway for proton transport.
  • Delocalization of proton charge contributes to enhanced conductivity.
  • This material shows promise for applications requiring efficient proton transport without water.