Atmospheric PCDD/F concentration and source apportionment in typical rural, Agent Orange hotspots, and industrial
Tuan Hung Ngo1, To Thi Hien2, Ngo Thi Thuan2
1Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; International Health Program, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
Abstract:
Vietnam has a double burden of dioxin from both industrial sources and historical sources. To evaluate the concentration of PCDD/Fs in ambient air in different areas of Vietnam and their possible sources, atmospheric samples were collected from three areas namely Son La (rural area) and Da Nang (harbor - Agent Orange hotspot area), and Ho Chi Minh City (metropolitan - industrial city). Vapor and solid phases of PCDD/Fs were collected and analyzed following the TO-9A sampling method. Principal Component Analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization model were applied to characterize the possible source. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs were found to be 21.3 ± 13 fg I-TEQ/m3 in Son La (n = 32), 65.2 ± 34 fg I-TEQ/m3 in Da Nang (n = 16) and 139 ± 84 fg I-TEQ/m3 in Ho Chi Minh City (n = 8). The findings of this study targeted open burning (42%) and biomass burning (51%) as the major emission sources of PCDD/Fs in ambient air of Son La, Vietnam. Major possible sources of PCDD/Fs in Da Nang could be transportation activities (64%), however, the other factor (36%) was suspected to be contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TeCDD from Agent Orange. Most of PCDD/Fs emitted in Ho Chi Minh City related to industrial activities (93%).
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