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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
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Nuclear Receptor TLX in Development and Diseases.

Guoqiang Sun1, Qi Cui2, Yanhong Shi2

  • 1Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|May 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The nuclear receptor TLX (NR2E1) is vital for brain development and neurogenesis by controlling neural stem cells. Its dysregulation is linked to neurological disorders and brain tumors, suggesting TLX as a potential therapeutic target.

Keywords:
Brain organoidsGlioblastoma stem cellsNR2E1Neural stem cellsNeurogenesisNeurological diseasesSchizophreniaSenescencemicroRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The nuclear receptor TLX (NR2E1) is a key transcription factor.
  • TLX regulates neural stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, and fate determination.
  • TLX controls downstream target genes in pathways like cell cycle, RNA processing, angiogenesis, and senescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding TLX's role in brain development and adult neurogenesis.
  • To explore the connection between TLX pathway dysregulation and neurological disorders and brain tumors.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting TLX for these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on TLX function and relevance.
  • Analysis of TLX's role in neural stem cell regulation.
  • Examination of TLX pathway involvement in disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • TLX is essential for normal brain development and adult neurogenesis.
  • Dysregulation of TLX pathways is implicated in human neurological disorders.
  • Aberrant TLX signaling is observed in brain tumors.

Conclusions:

  • TLX plays a critical role in maintaining neural stem cell function.
  • TLX pathway dysregulation contributes to neurological diseases and brain tumors.
  • Targeting TLX presents a promising therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders and brain tumors.