[NONINVASIVE BRAIN STIMULATION IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS]

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Neuromodulation

Background:

• Noninvasive brain stimulation is a rapidly advancing field for treating neuropsychiatric disorders.
• Several common devices are reviewed, including TMS, tDCS, ACS, Infrared Stimulation, EEG-NF, and fMRI-NF.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an overview of prevalent noninvasive brain stimulation devices.
• To discuss the properties, mechanisms, side effect profiles, and sham control methods for these technologies.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on various noninvasive brain stimulation techniques.
• Comparative analysis of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Alternating Current Stimulation (ACS), Infrared Stimulation, Electroencephalography Neurofeedback (EEG-NF), and functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining Neurofeedback (fMRI-NF).

Main Results:

• Each reviewed device possesses unique properties, mechanisms of action, and safety profiles.
• The application of sham conditions in research for these stimulation methods is examined.
• Key future developments and research directions are highlighted.

Conclusions:

• Noninvasive brain stimulation offers diverse therapeutic options for neuropsychiatric conditions.
• Understanding the specific characteristics of each modality is crucial for effective application and research.
• Continued innovation promises expanded therapeutic applications for these technologies.