Fetal and neonatal involvement in maternal rheumatologic disease

A pregnancy complicated with rheumatologic diseases can have various influences on the fetus and/or neonate. Maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may cause preterm and/or small for gestational age (SGA) delivery and neonatal lupus (NL). Some neonates with NL have congenital heart block (CHB) with increased morbidity and mortality, even requiring pacemakers. Antiphospholipid syndrome may occur with SLE and affect fetal and/or neonatal outcomes. Pregnancy involving primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) tends to result in preterm delivery and low birthweight infants. Moreover, CHB is the most challenging complication for neonates delivered by women with pSS. Pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at an increased risk for delivering a preterm or SGA neonate. In addition, RA drugs may have adverse effects on the fetus and breast-fed neonate. With dermatomyositis/polymyositis, pregnancies are at increased risk for spontaneous abortion, perinatal death, and preterm delivery. At present, overall neonatal survival rates are good for pregnancies involving systemic sclerosis, despite an increased frequency of premature and SGA neonates. In conclusion, maternal rheumatological diseases require careful monitoring to ensure the best possible management for fetal and neonatal outcomes.