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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Angiogenesis and Eye Disease.

Yoshihiko Usui1, Peter D Westenskow1,2, Salome Murinello1

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; email: usuyoshi@scripps.edu , petewest@scripps.edu , smuri@scripps.edu , MikeDorrell@pointloma.edu , lscheppke@gmail.com , bucherf@scripps.edu , skmtssm@gmail.com , liliana1984@gmail.com , edith@scripps.edu , friedlan@scripps.edu.

Annual Review of Vision Science
|May 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding retinal vascular development is key to maintaining adult eye health and preventing diseases like macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. This research explores cellular interactions to guide new therapies for retinal neurovascular disease.

Keywords:
VEGFage-related macular degenerationangiogenesischoroidal neovascularizationdiabetic retinopathyendothelial cellshypoxiaischemic retinopathymicrogliaretinavascular endothelial growth factorvasculature

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • The retina's complex structure requires specialized vascular networks to meet high metabolic demands.
  • Dysregulation of these networks contributes to severe vision-impairing diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate retinal vascular development and its implications for adult vascular maintenance.
  • To explore cellular contributions to retinal vasculature and disease pathology.
  • To identify therapeutic strategies for retinal neurovascular diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on retinal vascular development and pathology.
  • Analysis of cellular interactions between neurons, RPE cells, glia (microglia), and vascular networks.
  • Discussion of therapeutic approaches for neurovascular retinal diseases.

Main Results:

  • Retinal vascular development and maintenance are critical for visual function.
  • Neurons, RPE cells, and microglia significantly influence vascularization.
  • Understanding these interactions provides a basis for novel therapeutic interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Lessons from retinal vascular development can inform strategies for maintaining adult retinal vasculature.
  • Targeting cellular interactions offers promising avenues for treating neovascular retinal diseases.
  • Further research into these neurovascular relationships is essential for preventing blindness.