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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption01:22

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions facilitated by various enzymes.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food undergoes mechanical breakdown by chewing and combines with saliva. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, starts the breakdown of starches into maltose. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
In the stomach, a...
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Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System III: Elimination01:26

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The gastrointestinal elimination process involves a complex interplay of neural and hormonal mechanisms that coordinate the final waste removal from the body. This intricate operation encompasses the absorption of water and electrolytes, vital for transforming the remaining indigestible food matter into feces. The large intestine is pivotal in water and electrolyte absorption, forming feces from unabsorbed minerals, undigested food, bacteria, bile pigments, and shed epithelial cells. Essential...
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Gastric Motility01:16

Gastric Motility

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Gastric motility is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles that convert ingested food into chyme, a semi-liquid substance ready for further digestion in the intestines. The process begins with the vagus nerve inducing the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the fundus and body of the stomach, allowing these regions to expand and accommodate up to approximately 1.5 liters of food and liquid.
Peristaltic Waves and Chyme Formation
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Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity01:11

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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

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Gastrointestinal microphysiological systems.

Sarah E Blutt1, James R Broughman1, Winnie Zou1

  • 11 Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
|May 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intestinal microphysiological systems (MPS) offer advanced human models for gastrointestinal diseases, overcoming limitations of traditional cell cultures. These systems enhance understanding, prevention, and treatment strategies for gut health.

Keywords:
Human intestinal enteroidsmicrophysiological systems

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Gastroenterology
  • Organ-on-a-chip Technology

Background:

  • Gastrointestinal diseases pose significant health and economic challenges.
  • Current human biologic models for studying gastrointestinal diseases are limited.
  • Classical cell culture models fail to fully recapitulate the complex in vivo environment of the gut.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and potential of intestinal microphysiological systems (MPS).
  • To highlight the advantages of human intestinal enteroids over traditional cell lines.
  • To discuss the need for and applications of intestinal MPS in disease modeling and drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on intestinal microphysiological systems.
  • Discussion of shortcomings of classical gastrointestinal tract cell culture models.
  • Exploration of human intestinal enteroids as advanced in vitro models.

Main Results:

  • Intestinal microphysiological systems recapitulate key structural and functional properties of the human gut.
  • These systems offer improved platforms for drug development and disease modeling compared to traditional methods.
  • Significant progress has been made in developing nontransformed human intestinal cultures for MPS.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal MPS are critical for advancing the understanding, prevention, and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
  • Further optimization is needed to incorporate peristalsis, flow, oxygen gradients, and diverse cell types.
  • Integration of intestinal MPS with other organ MPS represents a future goal for comprehensive modeling.