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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

In Vitro Three-Dimensional Sprouting Assay of Angiogenesis Using Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling and Drug Testing
Published on: May 11, 2021
Impact of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling in early clinical drug development
Jasper Dingemanse1, Andreas Krause1
1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
Abstract:
Early clinical pharmacology studies in healthy subjects are often dissociated from patient studies. In this review we encourage the use of modelling and simulation techniques to generate valuable information at an early stage of clinical development. We illustrate these principles by presenting 5 different case studies from a spectrum of therapeutic drug classes. Their application leads to a better understanding of drug characteristics early on, thereby facilitating the design of dose-finding studies in the target patient population and saving resources.
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