Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

What is Genetic Engineering?

What is Genetic Engineering?

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A precision gene-engineered B cell medicine producing sustained levels of active factor IX for hemophilia B therapy.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2025

Same author

Dopaminergic Therapies May Decrease Risk of Early and Intermediate Non-exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration Progression.

Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina·2025

Same author

In vivo tracking of ex-vivo-generated <sup>89</sup>Zr-oxine-labeled plasma cells by PET in a non-human primate model.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2025

Same author

Human plasma cells engineered to secrete bispecifics drive effective in vivo leukemia killing.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2024

Same author

<i>In vivo</i> tracking of <i>ex vivo</i> generated <sup>89</sup> Zr-oxine labeled plasma cells by PET in a non-human primate model.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024

Same author

Metabolic reprogramming via an engineered PGC-1α improves human chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy against solid tumors.

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Non-Viral Engineering of Primary Human T Cells via Homology-Mediated End-Joining Targeted Integration of Large DNA Templates

Non-Viral Engineering of Primary Human T Cells via Homology-Mediated End-Joining Targeted Integration of Large DNA Templates

Published on: May 9, 2025

Genetic Modification of T Cells.

Richard A Morgan¹, Benjamin Boyerinas²

¹Bluebird bio, 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA. rmorgan@bluebirdbio.com.

|May 25, 2017

Summary

Advancements in gene transfer technologies enable efficient modification of T cells for cancer therapy. Techniques like viral vectors and non-viral methods facilitate the introduction of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) into T cells, enhancing tumor recognition.

Keywords:

CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells CD19 CAR immunotherapy lentiviral vector retroviral vector

More Related Videos

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

A GMP-Compliant Procedure for the Generation of Gene-Modified T cells

A GMP-Compliant Procedure for the Generation of Gene-Modified T cells

Published on: October 6, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Non-Viral Engineering of Primary Human T Cells via Homology-Mediated End-Joining Targeted Integration of Large DNA Templates

Non-Viral Engineering of Primary Human T Cells via Homology-Mediated End-Joining Targeted Integration of Large DNA Templates

Published on: May 9, 2025

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

A GMP-Compliant Procedure for the Generation of Gene-Modified T cells

A GMP-Compliant Procedure for the Generation of Gene-Modified T cells

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Immunotherapy
Molecular Biology

Background:

Gene transfer is crucial for advancing human gene therapy.
T cell modification holds promise for cancer treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe core technologies for high-efficiency gene transfer into primary human T cells.
To highlight the application of these technologies in cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

Viral-based gene transfer using modified Retroviridae.
Non-viral gene transfer including DNA-based transposons.
Direct mRNA transfer via electroporation.

Main Results:

These methods achieve high-efficiency gene transfer into primary human T cells.
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can be effectively transferred to T cells.
Engineered T cells can recognize tumor antigens.

Conclusions:

Established gene transfer techniques are vital for developing T cell-based cancer therapies.
The described methods offer promising avenues for engineering T cells to combat cancer.