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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

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The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of...
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Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement
08:06

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement

Published on: January 19, 2017

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DNA replication timing influences gene expression level.

Carolin A Müller1, Conrad A Nieduszynski2

  • 1Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|May 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulated replication timing is crucial for gene expression. This study reveals that delaying histone gene replication halves their expression, establishing a direct link between replication order and gene activity.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genome replication occurs in a reproducible temporal order, but its physiological importance remains largely unknown.
  • Understanding the functional significance of replication timing is essential for comprehending genome regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physiological significance of regulated replication timing in eukaryotic genomes.
  • To identify genomic features with conserved replication times across species.
  • To establish a direct link between replication timing and gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of replication timing in divergent yeast species.
  • Identification of conserved genomic features with stable replication times.
  • Experimental manipulation of replication timing for specific genes (HTA1-HTB1).
  • Gene expression analysis using quantitative methods.
  • Investigation of dosage compensation mechanisms (Rtt109-dependent).

Main Results:

  • Conserved replication timing patterns were identified across yeast species, with histone genes consistently replicating early.
  • Delaying the replication of histone genes (HTA1-HTB1) resulted in a significant reduction (halving) of their expression levels.
  • Histone and cell cycle genes were found to be exempt from Rtt109-dependent dosage compensation.

Conclusions:

  • This study demonstrates a direct physiological requirement for regulated replication timing in controlling gene expression.
  • Replication timing directly influences the expression levels of specific genes, particularly histone genes.
  • Specific genomic loci, including histone and cell cycle genes, may be subject to unique regulatory pathways that exclude them from general dosage compensation mechanisms.