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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Updated: Mar 1, 2026

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Function and Dysfunction of Microglia during Brain Development: Consequences for Synapses and Neural Circuits.

Rosa C Paolicelli1,2, Maria T Ferretti1,2

  • 1IREM, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
|May 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early-life stress and infections disrupt microglia, the brain's immune cells, impacting synaptic development. This can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.

Keywords:
brain developmentinfectionsmicroglianeurodevelopmental disordersstresssynapsessynaptic functionsynaptic pruning

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Microglia, the central nervous system's immune cells, are crucial for synaptic maturation.
  • Environmental and genetic factors can disrupt microglial function during critical developmental windows.
  • Perturbations in early life can lead to long-lasting consequences for brain health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on microglial activity alterations in early life.
  • To examine the impact of environmental and genetic factors on microglia.
  • To discuss the long-term effects of early microglial dysfunction on synaptic function and disorder vulnerability.

Main Methods:

  • Critical appraisal of existing scientific literature.
  • Synthesis of findings on environmental and genetic influences on microglia.
  • Analysis of consequences for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.

Main Results:

  • Diverse factors (stress, infections) perturb microglial homeostasis.
  • Early-life microglial alterations can impair synaptic circuit maturation.
  • These early disruptions are linked to increased vulnerability to disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life microglial perturbations have significant, lasting impacts on brain function.
  • Understanding these early events is key to addressing neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
  • Targeting early microglial responses may offer therapeutic potential.