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Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
Published on: September 26, 2025
Developing Transdermal Applications of Ketorolac Tromethamine Entrapped in Stimuli Sensitive Block Copolymer
Mireia Mallandrich1,2, Francisco Fernández-Campos1, Beatriz Clares3,4
1Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av,, 08028, Barcelona,, Spain.
Purpose:
In order to obtain dermal vehicles of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) for the local treatment of inflammation and restrict undesirable side effects of systemic levels hydrogels (HGs) of poloxamer and carbomer were developed.
Methods:
KT poloxamer based HG (KT-P407-HG) and KT carbomer based HG (KT-C940-HG) were elaborated and characterized in terms of swelling, degradation, porosity, rheology, stability, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation and distribution skin layers. Finally, in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy and skin tolerance were also assessed.
Results:
HGs were transparent and kept stable after 3 months exhibiting biocompatible near neutral pH values. Rheological patterns fitted to Herschel-Bulkley for KT-C940-HG and Newton for KT-P407-HG due to its low viscosity at 25°C. Rapid release profiles were observed through first order kinetics. Following the surface the highest concentration of KT from C940-HG was found in the epidermis and the stratum corneum for P407-HG. Relevant anti-inflammatory efficacy of KT-P407-HG revealed enough ability to provide sufficient bioavailability KT to reach easily the site of action. The application of developed formulations in volunteers did not induce any visual skin irritation.
Conclusions:
KT-P407-HG was proposed as suitable formulation for anti-inflammatory local treatment without theoretical systemic side effect.
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