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General Transcription Factors

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Position-effect Variegation

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

Genetic Variation

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Transcription

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Comprehensive Analysis of Transcription Dynamics from Brain Samples Following Behavioral Experience

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Published on: August 26, 2014

Relating quantitative variation within a behavior to variation in transcription.

Kyle M Benowitz¹, Elizabeth C McKinney¹, Christopher B Cunningham^1,2

¹Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

|May 26, 2017

Summary

Parental care behavior in burying beetles shows subtle gene expression differences, not large ones. The same genes involved in starting parental care also influence variations in care levels.

Keywords:

Nicrophorus RNA-seq burying beetle gene set enrichment analysis parental care quantitative trait transcripts

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Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Behavioral Ecology
Genomics
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Transcription variation correlates with behavioral state changes.
Limited research exists on whether the same genes influence both state transitions and within-state variation.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the transcriptional underpinnings of variation in parental provisioning behavior.
Examine if the same genes are involved in both transitioning into and varying within parental care states.

Main Methods:

Utilized RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to compare gene expression profiles.
Analyzed transcription in male and female burying beetles (Nicrophorus orbicollis and Nicrophorus vespilloides) exhibiting high versus low parental provisioning.

Main Results:

No broad transcriptional patterns distinguished high-care from low-care parents.
Identified subtle, consistent gene expression differences across sexes and species between high and low provisioning parents.
Transcripts linked to parental care transitions showed high variance and differential expression in provisioning levels.

Conclusions:

Quantitative variation in parental behavior reflects numerous small-effect transcriptional differences.
The same transcripts involved in transitioning between behavioral states also contribute to variation within a state.