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Related Concept Videos

Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate01:22

Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate

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Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in...
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Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
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Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete01:28

Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete

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Non-structural cracks are primarily of three types: plastic, early-age thermal, and drying shrinkage cracks. Plastic cracks are further classified into plastic shrinkage cracks and plastic settlement cracks.
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Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
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Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

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Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
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Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

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Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
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Characterization Of Multi-layered Fish Scales Atractosteus spatula Using Nanoindentation, X-ray CT, FTIR, and SEM
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Multiscale structure and damage tolerance of coconut shells.

B Gludovatz1, F Walsh2, E A Zimmermann3

  • 1School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|May 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aged coconut shells exhibit enhanced strength, stiffness, and toughness due to structural changes like sclerification and improved nanostructure. These properties become more anisotropic with age, offering superior mechanical performance.

Keywords:
CoconutDamage toleranceDeformationFractureStrengthStructure

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The coconut shell (endocarp of Cocos nucifera) is a complex biological material with a hierarchical structure.
  • Understanding its mechanical properties across different length scales is crucial for potential applications.
  • Material properties in biological systems often vary with age and orientation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structure-property relationships of the coconut shell endocarp.
  • To characterize the mechanical properties of coconut shells at different ages and orientations.
  • To identify structural changes contributing to variations in mechanical performance with aging.

Main Methods:

  • Advanced characterization techniques were employed to examine the coconut shell structure.
  • In situ testing was used to evaluate the mechanical properties, including ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Young's modulus (E).
  • Synchrotron X-ray diffraction was utilized to analyze the nanostructure, specifically the cellulose crystalline structure.

Main Results:

  • Aged coconut shells demonstrated significantly higher UTS (48.5 MPa), Young's modulus (1.92 GPa), and fracture toughness (KJ = 3.2 MPa m1/2) compared to younger shells in latitudinal loading.
  • Coconut shell properties became more anisotropic with age; young shells showed similar properties in longitudinal and latitudinal orientations, while aged shells exhibited 82% higher strength and >50% higher toughness in latitudinal loading.
  • Structural changes in aged shells included sclerification (cell lumen closure, cell wall lignification) and improved load transfer to the cellulose nanostructure, resulting in a denser and mechanically superior material.

Conclusions:

  • Aging enhances the mechanical properties of the coconut shell endocarp through microstructural and nanostructural modifications.
  • The development of anisotropy in aged shells is linked to the formation of an anisotropic open channel structure influencing crack initiation and propagation.
  • The findings provide insights into the design principles of robust, hierarchical biomaterials and suggest potential for utilizing aged coconut shells as a sustainable structural material.