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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection
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Recurrent Meningitis.

Jon Rosenberg1, Benjamin T Galen2

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|May 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recurrent meningitis is rare but can be severe. While Mollaret

Keywords:
Autoimmune diseaseHeadacheMollaret meningitisRecurrent bacterial meningitisRecurrent benign lymphocytic meningitisRecurrent meningitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Recurrent meningitis is a rare condition with varied prognoses.
  • Etiologies are diverse, ranging from infections to autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive differential diagnosis for recurrent meningitis.
  • To guide clinicians in evaluating and managing patients with recurrent meningitis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of causes, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis.
  • Synthesis of current data on pathophysiology and prevention.

Main Results:

  • Limited new data on pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent meningitis.
  • Oral valacyclovir did not prevent HSV-2 meningitis recurrence; prophylactic antibiotics are not supported for skull fractures.
  • Monoclonal antibodies are emerging causes of drug-induced aseptic meningitis.

Conclusions:

  • Recurrent meningitis requires addressing reversible causes for prevention.
  • Supportive care is the mainstay, but identifying the underlying etiology is crucial.