Three-dimensional printing: technologies, applications, and limitations in neurosurgery.

Area of Science:

• Neurosurgery
• Medical Technology
• Additive Manufacturing

Background:

• Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been utilized in medicine since the late 1980s, producing devices like dentures, hearing aids, and prosthetics.
• Neurosurgeons are increasingly adopting 3D printing to enhance patient care, aiming to reduce healthcare costs and improve surgical outcomes.
• The conversion of Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) data to Stereolithography (STL) files enables 3D printers to construct anatomical models.

Purpose of the Study:

• To outline suitable 3D printing models and computer-aided design (CAD) software for neurosurgical applications.
• To detail the applications of 3D printing in neurosurgery for research, training, and pre-operative planning.
• To identify limitations hindering the widespread adoption of 3D printing in the neurosurgical field.

Main Methods:

• Review of current 3D printing technologies and computer-aided design (CAD) software relevant to neurosurgery.
• Analysis of the process for converting DICOM medical imaging data into printable STL files.
• Evaluation of existing applications and limitations of 3D printing in neurosurgical practice.

Main Results:

• 3D printers can create accurate anatomical models of vessels, tumors, and skulls from patient-specific data.
• These models facilitate surgeon training, research, and pre-operative planning without patient risk.
• A lack of standardized 3D printing processes currently exists for medical applications.

Conclusions:

• 3D printing holds significant potential to revolutionize neurosurgery by improving planning and training.
• Further development and standardization of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are necessary for routine clinical integration.
• Addressing current limitations is crucial for establishing 3D printing as a common practice in neurosurgery.