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Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within...

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Sporadic Hyperekplexia Plus Syndrome.

Sadanandavalli Retnaswami Chandra¹, Chetan Vekhande¹, Lakshminarayanapuram Gopal Viswanathan¹

¹Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences

|May 30, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study describes a rare infant disorder causing pathological startle responses and falls. Early diagnosis and treatment with clonazepam are crucial for managing this condition.

Keywords:

Differential diagnosis hyperekplexia plus startle

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Pediatrics
Genetics

Background:

Describes a rare pediatric disorder characterized by pathological startle responses.
Features include systemic involvement, falls, and stiffness with retained consciousness.

Observation:

A 5-year-old child presented with recurrent falls since the neonatal period, triggered by sound and activity.
The child exhibited hyperalert facies, mild dysmorphism, and cooperative behavior.

Findings:

Investigations revealed giant somatosensory evoked potentials and skeletal abnormalities.
The patient responded exceptionally well to clonazepam.
Discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs showed no complications.

Implications:

Highlights the importance of differentiating this disorder from other neurological conditions like myoclonic epilepsy and Tourette syndrome.
Emphasizes that a high degree of clinical suspicion is essential for accurate diagnosis.
Suggests clonazepam as a potential therapeutic agent for this condition.