Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
Published on: October 28, 2020
A mathematical model of embodied consciousness
David Rudrauf1, Daniel Bennequin2, Isabela Granic3
1CISA/FAPSE/Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
We propose the Projective Consciousness Model (PCM), a mathematical framework for embodied consciousness. This model explains subjective experience and perception by linking projective geometry, active inference, and free energy minimization.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Science
- Neuroscience
- Artificial Intelligence
- Mathematical Psychology
Background:
- Current models of consciousness lack a unified mathematical framework.
- Understanding the computational role of consciousness in perception and action is crucial.
- Embodied cognition emphasizes the role of the body and sensory-motor interactions in shaping conscious experience.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce the Projective Consciousness Model (PCM), a novel mathematical model for embodied consciousness.
- To explain how projective geometry and active inference shape the spatial field of consciousness (FoC).
- To demonstrate how the PCM accounts for subjective experience, perception-action dynamics, and psychological phenomena.
Main Methods:
- Developed a mathematical model based on projective geometry and active inference.
- Hypothesized that the field of consciousness (FoC) is structured by projective frames.
- Modeled consciousness as a resilience maximization algorithm using projective perspective-taking and imagination.
Main Results:
- The PCM integrates multisensory evidence and prior beliefs within projective frames.
- Free energy minimization, driven by expectation violations, controls perspective-taking and action switching.
- The model explains subjective spatial experience, perception-action distinctions, and phenomena like bistable figures and VR illusions.
Conclusions:
- The PCM provides a computational account of consciousness, linking phenomenology to function.
- Consciousness, via projective transformations, offers computational advantages for escaping local minima.
- The model suggests testable hypotheses for neuroscience, AI design, and formal psychology.
Related Concept Videos
Understanding Consciousness
Sleep, a crucial state, is characterized by reduced...
Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models
Clearance Models: Physiological Models
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's...
Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal...
Mathematical Modeling: Problem Solving
Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving
In individual population analyses, different algorithms are employed, such as Cauchy's method, which uses a...

