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Related Concept Videos

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

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Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

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Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients,...
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In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I01:13

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I

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Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials
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Two-structured solid particle model for predicting and analyzing supercritical extraction performance.

Sara Samadi1, Behrooz Mahmoodzadeh Vaziri1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|May 31, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new model accurately predicts supercritical fluid extraction performance by considering solid particle structure. This advanced modeling enhances separation yield predictions for processes like chamomile extraction using supercritical CO2.

Keywords:
Carbon dioxideChamomile extractMass transfer coefficientMathematical modelingSupercritical extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Process Modeling
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Supercritical fluid extraction is a modern technique with significant advantages.
  • Accurate process modeling is crucial for optimizing supercritical extraction performance and yield.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive model for predicting supercritical extraction performance and separation yield.
  • To account for different extraction regimes within solid particles.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a model based on partial differential mass balances.
  • Differentiated between intact and destructed solid particle structures.
  • Applied distinct mass transfer coefficients (internal and external) for each particle type.

Main Results:

  • Model simulations showed excellent agreement with experimental data for chamomile extraction using supercritical CO2.
  • The model precisely predicts extraction process behavior.
  • Evaluated the impact of key parameters: pressure, temperature, fluid flow rate, and particle size.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model offers high potential for accurately predicting supercritical extraction processes.
  • It serves as a valuable tool for scientific and experimental applications in the field.