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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Oncolytic Immunotherapy: Conceptual Evolution, Current Strategies, and Future Perspectives.

Zong Sheng Guo1,2, Zuqiang Liu1,2, Stacy Kowalsky1,2

  • 1University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 31, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are shifting cancer therapy towards immunotherapy by inducing cancer cell death and enhancing immune responses. Strategies are being developed to optimize OV treatments for potent and sustained antitumor immunity.

Keywords:
ICD inducerT cellsantigenantitumor immunitycombinationcross-presentationimmune checkpoint blockadeimmunogenic cell death

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is evolving from virotherapy to an immunotherapy approach.
  • OVs induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and interact with immune cells to prime antitumor immunity.
  • Modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for sustained immune cell activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for enhancing OV-mediated antitumor immunity.
  • To explore methods for modulating the TME in OV therapy.
  • To discuss the future potential of OV-based cancer treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering OVs or combining them with ICD inducers for enhanced T cell priming.
  • Arming OVs to express cytokines/chemokines or costimulators to recruit immune cells.
  • Combining OVs with immunomodulatory drugs, antibodies, cancer vaccines, CAR T cells, and immune checkpoint blockade.

Main Results:

  • Engineered OVs promote T cell cross-priming and break immune tolerance.
  • Armed OVs recruit and sustain antitumor immunity within the TME.
  • Combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies show promising preliminary findings, including robust antitumor efficacy with immune checkpoint blockade.

Conclusions:

  • Novel strategies involving OV combinations are being developed to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
  • These advanced OV-based approaches hold significant promise for future cancer treatment regimens.
  • Despite translational hurdles, OV therapies are poised to become a valuable part of standard cancer care.