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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System

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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, demonstrate an intracellular action. These hormones traverse cell membranes due to their lipid nature. Once inside the target cell, they...
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Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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A Sensitive Visual Method for the Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide Producing Bacteria
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Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfide Signaling.

Hideo Kimura1

  • 1National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry , Kodaira, Japan .

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
|June 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn) are newly identified signaling molecules, distinct from hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Research shows H2Sn regulate ion channels and protein kinases, impacting cellular functions.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recognized for diverse physiological roles including neuromodulation and vascular tone regulation.
  • Emerging research highlights hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn) as key players in cellular signaling.
  • H2Sn are produced by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and influence ion channels and protein kinases.

Discussion:

  • The functions of H2S are being re-evaluated, with some effects now attributed to H2Sn.
  • Cysteine persulfide and polysulfide contribute to cellular redox regulation.
  • Interactions between H2S and nitric oxide (NO) generate H2Sn and other reactive species, impacting NO-mediated pathways.

Key Insights:

  • H2Sn represent a significant class of signaling molecules with distinct biological activities.
Keywords:
3MSThydrogen sulfidenitric oxidepolysulfidessignalingthiol

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  • The interplay between H2S, H2Sn, and NO is complex and crucial for cellular regulation.
  • Redox regulation involves polysulfide species like cysteine persulfide and polysulfide.

    • Outlook:

    • Further investigation into H2Sn's roles in health and disease is warranted.
    • Understanding the chemical reactions involving H2S, H2Sn, and NO will refine our knowledge of signaling pathways.
    • This field requires critical discussion of recent advancements in per- and polysulfide research.