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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Hybrid µCT-FMT imaging and image analysis
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Fluorescence to highlight the urethra: a human cadaveric study.

T G Barnes1,2, M Penna3, R Hompes3

  • 1Department of Colorectal Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. tom.barnes@doctors.org.uk.

Techniques in Coloproctology
|June 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Indocyanine green (ICG) can be injected into the urethra to make it fluoresce, aiding surgeons in preventing urethral injury during transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) and abdominoperineal excision (APE) procedures.

Keywords:
Colorectal surgeryFluorescenceLaparoscopic surgeryRectal cancerUrethraUrethral injury

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Innovation
  • Medical Imaging
  • Anatomical Identification

Background:

  • Urethral injury is a significant complication during transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) and abdominoperineal excision (APE).
  • Current surgical techniques carry risks of inadvertent urethral or prostatic mobilization and direct injury.
  • A novel method is needed to enhance urethral visualization during these procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of using indocyanine green (ICG) for fluorescent visualization of the urethra.
  • To determine if ICG can aid in preventing urethral injury during pelvic surgeries.

Main Methods:

  • Indocyanine green (ICG) was mixed with Instillagel and instilled into the urethra of male human cadavers.
  • Urethral fluorescence was observed after perineal incision or during simulated TaTME dissection using a laparoscope.
  • Image analysis (ImageJ) was used to assess fluorescence brightness.

Main Results:

  • Fluorescence was successfully visualized in the urethra of all eight studied cadavers.
  • Minimal dissection was needed for transperineal visualization.
  • Fluorescence was also observed in the prostate during simulated TaTME, with no correlation found between ICG dose and brightness.

Conclusions:

  • Indocyanine green (ICG) provides a simple and effective method for identifying the urethra.
  • This technique has the potential to significantly reduce the risk of urethral injury in TaTME and APE surgeries.