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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Genes play an important role in bone aging.

Gregory Livshits1, David Karasik1, Itshak Otremski2

  • 1Research Unit, Human Population Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.

American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic factors significantly influence bone aging and bone mineral density (BMD), with heritability estimates around 60%. Understanding these genetic components is crucial for predicting age-related bone diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Human Biology
  • Genetics
  • Bone Aging

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are common age-related bone diseases.
  • The genetic basis of peak bone mass, bone loss, formation, and resorption is not well understood.
  • Osteometric measurements (OSM), bone mineral density (BMD), and osteographic scores (OSS) are key measures of bone aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review modern studies on the genetic aspects of bone formation and aging.
  • To explore the genetic influences on bone mineral density (BMD) and related bone aging processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of modern scientific literature on bone aging genetics.
  • Analysis of family studies focusing on BMD heritability.
  • Segregation analysis to identify major genetic loci affecting BMD.

Main Results:

  • Family studies indicate strong familial and genetic effects on bone mass.
  • Heritability estimates for BMD consistently account for approximately 60% of total variation.
  • Genetic factors appear to influence both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic factors play a substantial role in bone aging and BMD.
  • Further research using segregation, linkage, and molecular biology is needed to clarify genetic mechanisms.
  • Understanding bone turnover biochemistry is essential for a complete picture of bone formation and aging.