PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES OF COADAPTATION: PREFERRED TEMPERATURES VERSUS OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE TEMPERATURES OF LIZARDS

The view that behavior and physiological performance are tightly coadapted is a central principle of physiological ecology. Here, we test this principle using a comparative study of evolutionary patterns in thermal preferences and the thermal dependence of sprinting in some Australian skinks (Lygosominae). Thermal preferences (T_p ) differ strikingly among genera (range 24° to 35°C), but critical thermal maxima (CTMax) (range 38° to 45°C) and optimal temperatures for sprinting (T_o , 32° to 35°C) vary less. Diurnal genera have relatively high T_p , T_o , and CTMax. In contrast, nocturnal genera have low T_p but have moderate to high T_o and CTMax. Both nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic (minimum-evolution) approaches suggest that coadaptation is tight only for genera with high T_p . Phylogenetic analyses suggest that low T_p and, thus, partial coadaptation are evolutionarily derived, indicating that low thermal preferences can evolve, even if this results in reduced performance. In one instance, thermal preferences and the thermal dependence of sprinting may have evolved in opposite directions, a phenomenon we call "antagonistic coadaptation." We speculate on factors driving partial coadaptation and antagonistic coadaptation in these skinks.