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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential
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THE EVOLUTION OF BONE.

John A Ruben1, Albert A Bennett2

  • 1Zoology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vertebrates uniquely use calcium phosphate skeletons. This composition is advantageous for managing lactic acid metabolism and preventing excessive bone dissolution during intense activity, unlike calcium carbonate.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biomineralization
  • Vertebrate Paleontology

Background:

  • Metazoa predominantly utilize calcium carbonate for skeletal structures.
  • Vertebrates uniquely possess calcium phosphate-based skeletons.
  • Previous hypotheses focused on storage/excretion, lacking physiological advantages for vertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the adaptive significance of calcium phosphate skeletons in vertebrates.
  • To explore the relationship between vertebrate metabolism and skeletal composition.
  • To test the hypothesis that calcium phosphate offers advantages in managing acidosis.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of skeletal composition in vertebrates and invertebrates.
  • In vitro and in vivo stability assessments of calcium phosphate versus calcium carbonate under physiological conditions.
  • Examination of histological features related to calcium regulation in vertebrate skeletons.

Main Results:

  • Vertebrate intense activity generates lactic acid, leading to post-exercise acidosis.
  • Acidosis can induce skeletal dissolution and hypercalcemia.
  • Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) is significantly more stable than calcium carbonate under resting and post-acidotic conditions, minimizing dissolution.

Conclusions:

  • The calcium phosphate skeleton is advantageous for vertebrates due to their high-energy metabolism and associated acidosis.
  • This skeletal composition mitigates excessive calcium release during periods of intense activity.
  • The unique skeletal material is a key adaptation linked to vertebrate metabolic strategies.