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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Determination of Self- and Inter-incompatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses
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Determination of Self- and Inter-incompatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses

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INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN PARTIALLY SELF-FERTILIZING PHLOX.

Donald A Levin1

  • 1Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78713.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Self-fertilizing Phlox cuspidata shows less inbreeding depression than outcrossing Phlox drummondii. This suggests that purging of deleterious alleles through selfing reduces genetic load in plant populations.

Area of Science:

  • Plant reproductive biology
  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Inbreeding depression, the reduced fitness of offspring resulting from mating between related individuals, is a significant factor in plant evolution.
  • The level of inbreeding depression can vary depending on a species' mating system and its history of self-fertilization.
  • Phlox drummondii is predominantly outcrossing, while Phlox cuspidata is predominantly self-fertilizing, making them suitable for comparative studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify and compare inbreeding depression in two related Phlox species with contrasting mating systems.
  • To investigate the relationship between mating system, genetic load, and self-seed production in Phlox cultivars and populations.
  • To assess the incidence of lethal equivalents and cross-seed abortion as indicators of genetic load.

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Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi
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Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi

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Main Methods:

  • Measuring relative seed survivorship of self-pollinated versus cross-pollinated seeds in 14 Phlox drummondii cultivars and 10 Phlox cuspidata populations.
  • Calculating the mean number of lethal equivalents per zygote for each group.
  • Analyzing the correlation between automatic self-seed production and the number of lethal equivalents.

Main Results:

  • The relative survivorship of self versus cross seed was significantly higher in self-fertilizing P. cuspidata (0.99) compared to outcrossing P. drummondii cultivars (0.84) and wild P. drummondii (0.83).
  • Mean lethal equivalents per zygote were substantially lower in P. cuspidata (0.05) than in P. drummondii cultivars (0.69) and wild P. drummondii (0.79).
  • A significant negative correlation (r = -0.60) was observed between self-seed production and lethal equivalents in P. drummondii cultivars, indicating purging of deleterious alleles.

Conclusions:

  • The predominantly self-fertilizing mating system of P. cuspidata is associated with a lower genetic load and reduced inbreeding depression compared to the outcrossing P. drummondii.
  • Purging of deleterious alleles through self-fertilization appears to be an effective mechanism for reducing genetic load in plant populations.
  • Lower cross-seed abortion in P. cuspidata suggests efficient purging of lethal genes, rather than a lower incidence of these genes.