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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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THE SELECTION BARRIER BETWEEN POPULATIONS SUBJECT TO STABILIZING SELECTION.

Lev A Zhivotovsky1, Freddy Bugge Christiansen2

  • 1Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow, 117809, Russia.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene introgression into new populations is examined. Polymorphic loci can either hinder or promote gene flow, depending on genetic differences and linkage disequilibrium.

Keywords:
Genetic barrierintrogressionmultiple locipostzygotic isolation mechanismsselection barrierstabilizing selection

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Area of Science:

  • Population Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Quantitative Genetics

Background:

  • Gene flow between populations is a key evolutionary process.
  • Understanding the factors influencing successful introgression is crucial for predicting evolutionary trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic factors that determine the success or failure of gene introgression from immigrant populations.
  • To quantify the 'selection barrier' that impedes gene flow.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling gene introgression with a focus on autosomal loci under weak selection.
  • Considering additive allelic effects, dominance, and epistatic interactions.
  • Quantifying the selection barrier using cumulative mean fitness ratios.

Main Results:

  • Both monomorphic and polymorphic loci in the recipient population influence the selection barrier.
  • For small genetic differences, monomorphic loci contribute positively to the barrier based on gene frequency differences.
  • Polymorphic loci's contribution depends on linkage disequilibria and can either impede or facilitate introgression.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic architecture of populations, including locus type and allele interactions, significantly impacts gene introgression.
  • Polymorphic loci present a dynamic element, capable of either reinforcing or reducing the selection barrier.
  • This study provides a framework for understanding the complex genetic forces governing gene flow.