HYBRIDIZATION AND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN TWO MEADOW KATYDID CONTACT ZONES

In this study, previously unrecognized hybridization was documented between two meadow katydids in each of two disjunct contact zones, in the southeastern United States and along the Potomac River near Washington, DC. These two zones have very different histories and dynamics of interaction between the two taxa. Orchelimum nigripes and O. pulchellum (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae) are distributed west and east, respectively, of the Appalachian Mountains, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast and along the Atlantic Coastal Plain from New York to the Florida Keys, but are not found in the Appalachians themselves. In addition, during this century O. nigripes has become established in a small area east of the Appalachians, in the Potomac River basin, where it has completely replaced O. pulchellum along the river corridor above Washington, DC. I sampled katydids from 40 sites across both hybrid zones and mapped geographic patterns of genetic variation (allele frequencies at two diagnostic loci) and variation in a morphometric index for males. Although the two taxa are quite distinct over most of their extensive distributions, there is clear evidence of introgression in both contact zones. In the Deep South, samples from a transect along the Gulf Coast define a broad hybrid zone of about 50-100 km, while samples from a transect 200 km to the north define a zone of about 150-250 km in width. Only one Deep South population shows a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at either locus, and there is no evidence of linkage disequilibrium in any Deep South population. In the Potomac region, there is a narrow upstream-downstream hybrid zone along the river. Within the Potomac River floodplains downriver from Washington, DC, as well as outside the floodplains throughout the region, O. pulchellum is present in abundance, but O. nigripes markers are virtually absent. Within the floodplains upriver from Washington, DC, O. nigripes is abundant, but O. pulch***ellum markers are virtually absent. All four mixed ancestry Potomac populations sampled show strong and highly significant linkage disequilibrium, although only one clearly deviates from single-locus Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The position of the Deep South hybrid zone is generally consistent with interspecific and intraspecific phylogeographic patterns previously reported for numerous taxa from the southeastern United States. The observed genetic and morphometric clines appear to be the result of neutral introgression over thousands of years. In the much younger Potomac hybrid zone, O. nigripes appears to be spreading downriver, interbreeding with O. pulchellum, and replacing it. The mechanism for this replacement remains uncertain, but may be clarified by ongoing behavioral, genetic, and breeding studies.