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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...
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Since the early 2000s, computer-mediated communication (CMC) has grown rapidly, playing a crucial role in self-development. A key distinction between CMC and real-life interactions is the lack of a physically present partner. This absence makes non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, body language, and paralinguistic signals unavailable in CMC platforms like email, instant messaging, or social media. The lack of these cues can create ambiguity and complicate how feedback is interpreted.The...
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Culture plays a crucial role in shaping self-identity and influencing thought and behavior, a foundational interest within social psychology. The multicultural perspective recognizes that individuals do not exist in a vacuum; instead, their experiences, perceptions, and actions are deeply influenced by the intersecting dimensions of their cultural, ethnic, and social group affiliations.Cultural Influence on Self-Identity and Social PerceptionCultural frameworks inform how individuals define...
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Technology and Nation: Learning from the Periphery.

Marta Macedo, Jaume Valentines-Álvarez

    Technology and Culture
    |June 2, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study examines how technology shapes nations by considering overlooked "epistemic peripheries" and global networks, moving beyond traditional national boundaries for a transnational history.

    Area of Science:

    • History of Technology
    • Sociology of Science and Technology
    • Nationalism Studies

    Background:

    • Nations are often viewed as built by technology, but this perspective typically focuses on dominant narratives.
    • Existing scholarship on technology and nation-building often neglects marginalized actors and knowledge systems.
    • Traditional analyses rely on static core-periphery models, overlooking dynamic transnational connections.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the role of technology in constructing nations as both material and cultural entities.
    • To highlight the significance of "epistemic peripheries" (neglected objects/actors) in the history of technology.
    • To advocate for a transnational approach that transcends rigid national boundaries.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of "epistemic peripheries" in the history of technology.

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  • Examination of geographic peripheries, focusing on networks and circulation processes.
  • Adoption of a transnational historical framework challenging linear core-periphery relations.

    • Main Results:

    • Technological national identities are shaped by factors beyond national borders.
    • Peripheral perspectives offer crucial insights into the complex interplay of technology and nation-building.
    • Neglected technological actors and objects play a vital role in national identity formation.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding technological national identities requires moving beyond strict national boundaries.
    • A transnational history with a broader empirical focus is essential for a comprehensive view.
    • Peripheral perspectives are key to a nuanced understanding of technology's role in nation-building.