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$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...

X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

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Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Integrating macromolecular X-ray diffraction data with the graphical user interface iMosflm.

Harold R Powell¹, T Geoff G Battye¹, Luke Kontogiannis¹

¹MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.

Nature Protocols

|June 2, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

iMosflm/MOSFLM is user-friendly software for processing X-ray diffraction images, making macromolecular crystallography more accessible. It efficiently integrates data, providing real-time feedback for scientists of all experience levels.

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Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

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Published on: November 5, 2018

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Area of Science:

Structural Biology
Biophysics
Biochemistry

Background:

X-ray crystallography is a primary method for determining biological macromolecular structures.
User-friendly software enhances accessibility to X-ray crystallography for a broader scientific community.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce iMosflm/MOSFLM, a software package with a graphical user interface (GUI) designed for processing X-ray diffraction data.
To provide a tool that supports both novice and experienced users in macromolecular structure determination.

Main Methods:

The study details the iMosflm/MOSFLM software, highlighting its GUI features for data integration.
It supports various X-ray detectors and integrates data collected in 'fine phi-slicing' mode.
Real-time feedback on indexing, parameter refinement, and spot shape is provided.

Main Results:

iMosflm/MOSFLM handles images from most commercial X-ray detectors.
The software effectively integrates data from 'fine phi-slicing' collection modes.
A dataset of 360 images (∼2,000 reflections/image) can be processed in approximately 4 minutes.

Conclusions:

iMosflm/MOSFLM simplifies and accelerates the data processing pipeline in X-ray crystallography.
The software enhances the accessibility and efficiency of structural biology research.
It empowers scientists with robust tools for macromolecular structure determination.