Genetic Factors Involved in Mandibular Prognathism
Anna Doraczynska-Kowalik1, Kamil H Nelke, Wojciech Pawlak
1*Department of Genetics †Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|June 2, 2017
Summary
Mandibular prognathism, a skeletal Class III malocclusion, likely has a genetic basis. Research points to polygenic inheritance and identifies specific gene loci and candidate genes involved in its development.
Area of Science:
- Genetics
- Orthodontics
- Developmental Biology
Background:
- Mandibular prognathism is characterized by the mandible projecting forward.
- It is classified as a skeletal Class III pattern and Angle Class III malocclusion.
- The exact causes are unknown, but genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are suspected.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to mandibular prognathism.
- To identify potential gene loci and candidate genes associated with this condition.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on twin studies, family segregation, and genetic linkage analyses.
- Identification of candidate genes and genes suspected in epigenetic regulation.
Main Results:
- Family and twin studies suggest significant genetic influence on mandibular prognathism.
- Linkage analyses identified significant loci on chromosomes 1p, 3q, 4p, 6q, 11q, 12q, 14q, and 19p.
- Candidate genes include MATN1, COL2A1, FGFR2, and growth hormone receptor, among others.
- Epigenetic regulation may involve genes such as MYH1, FOXO3, and RUNX2.
Conclusions:
- Mandibular prognathism likely follows a multifactorial or polygenic inheritance pattern.
- Specific chromosomal loci and numerous candidate genes are implicated in its etiology.
- Further research into these genetic and epigenetic factors is warranted.
Related Concept Videos
01:28Human Genetics
1.8K
Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
1.8K
02:30Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance
37.8K
Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
37.8K
01:18Polygenic Traits
69.6K
When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
69.6K
01:15Teeth
1.9K
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
1.9K
01:43Incomplete Dominance
30.8K
Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
30.8K
01:14Muscles for Facial Expressions
5.3K
The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
5.3K