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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:03

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:05

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Neuroplasticity01:01

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
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Closing the gap: long-term presynaptic plasticity in brain function and disease.

Hannah R Monday1, Pablo E Castillo1

  • 1Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.

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Long-term presynaptic plasticity, altering neurotransmitter release, mirrors postsynaptic plasticity features. This brain plasticity is key to circuit function and implicated in disorders like schizophrenia and autism.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Synaptic plasticity enables brain function adjustments based on experience.
  • Research has primarily explored postsynaptic plasticity mechanisms.
  • Long-term alterations in neurotransmitter release (presynaptic plasticity) remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of long-term presynaptic plasticity.
  • To compare presynaptic plasticity with established postsynaptic plasticity.
  • To underscore the role of presynaptic plasticity in brain circuit regulation and its therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on synaptic plasticity.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying long-term changes in neurotransmitter release.
  • Comparison of characteristics between presynaptic and postsynaptic plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Long-term presynaptic plasticity exhibits features similar to postsynaptic plasticity, including associativity, structural changes, and bidirectionality.
  • Presynaptic plasticity significantly influences neural circuit output and function.
  • Dysregulation of presynaptic plasticity is linked to neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Presynaptic plasticity is a crucial, yet understudied, form of synaptic plasticity.
  • Aberrant presynaptic plasticity is a common factor in various synaptopathies.
  • Targeting presynaptic plasticity may offer novel therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.