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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
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Premenstrual disorders.

Kimberly Ann Yonkers1, Michael K Simoni2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|June 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Premenstrual disorders, including premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, involve hormonal fluctuations and serotonin deficits. Effective treatments include SSRIs, specific contraceptives, and GnRH agonists for persistent cases.

Keywords:
menstrual cyclepremenstrual disorderpremenstrual dysphoric disorderpremenstrual symptomspremenstrual syndromepremenstrual tension

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Psychiatry
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Premenstrual disorders encompass premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and exacerbation of existing conditions.
  • Potential causes include abnormal responses to menstrual cycle hormonal shifts and serotonin deficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis and management of premenstrual disorders.
  • To highlight effective therapeutic strategies for PMS and PMDD.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on thorough medical history and daily symptom tracking over two menstrual cycles.
  • Evaluation of various treatment modalities for premenstrual disorders.

Main Results:

  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and contraceptives with minimal or no hormone-free intervals are highly effective for PMS and PMDD.
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists offer an option for women unresponsive to other treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of premenstrual disorders is crucial for effective management.
  • SSRIs, specific contraceptives, and GnRH agonists represent key treatment options for premenstrual disorders.