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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

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Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Adrenal insufficiency - recognition and management.

Agnieszka Pazderska1, Simon Hs Pearce2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, St James's Hospital Dublin, Ireland.

Clinical Medicine (London, England)
|June 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal insufficiency involves inadequate cortisol production, potentially impacting mineralocorticoids in primary cases. Prompt diagnosis and management, including glucocorticoid replacement, are crucial for patient health.

Keywords:
ACTHadrenal insufficiencyadrenocorticotropic hormoneglucocorticoid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Adrenal insufficiency is characterized by insufficient glucocorticoid production.
  • Primary adrenal insufficiency also involves mineralocorticoid deficiency.
  • Symptoms range from insidious onset to acute adrenal crisis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency.
  • To emphasize the importance of identifying the underlying etiology.
  • To highlight the necessity of regular patient monitoring and education.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on demonstrating low basal and/or stimulated serum cortisol levels.
  • Investigations are performed to determine the underlying cause.
  • Treatment involves glucocorticoid replacement, with mineralocorticoids for primary cases.

Main Results:

  • Chronic glucocorticoid therapy is a common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency.
  • Hydrocortisone is typically used for glucocorticoid replacement, administered two or three times daily.
  • Monitoring for under- or over-replacement is essential.

Conclusions:

  • Adrenal insufficiency requires prompt recognition and treatment, especially in adrenal crisis.
  • Comprehensive management includes appropriate hormone replacement and patient education.
  • Regular follow-up is vital for optimizing treatment and preventing complications.