Validation of Protein-Ligand Crystal Structure Models: Small Molecule and Peptide Ligands

Models of target proteins in complex with small molecule ligands or peptide ligands are of significant interest to the biomedical research community. Structure-guided lead discovery and structure-based drug design make extensive use of such models. The bound ligands comprise only a small fraction of the total X-ray scattering mass, and therefore particular care must be taken to properly validate the atomic model of the ligand as experimental data can often be scarce. The ligand model must be validated against both the primary experimental data and the local environment, specifically: (1) the primary evidence in the form of the electron density, (2) examined for reasonable stereochemistry, and (3) the chemical plausibility of the binding interactions must be inspected. Tools that assist the researcher in the validation process are presented.